A Decade of Performance — U.S. Proves Naysayers Wrong
Last Monday, the National Bureau of Economic Research declared the longest economic expansion in U.S. history over. After beginning in June 2009, the expansion lasted for 128 months through February. Born in the depths of a severe financial crisis that started at home, many worried the U.S. would suffer a long decline. In the ten and one-half years that followed, the U.S. economy and markets outpaced most others, leaving domestic stocks with premium valuations.
Even though U.S. stocks appear relatively expensive, we should remain tactically overweight domestic assets for now because dollar-denominated assets can convey significant benefits during times of uncertainty and because the U.S. economy remains more robust, durable, and better balanced than others.
Domestic Stocks at a Premium Valuation
One way to measure the relative valuation of a nation’s equity market is to compare the stock market value to its economy’s output. This measure is a crude one, but a reasonable place to start. At $32 trillion, the U.S. stock market is worth 1.5 times annual gross domestic product (GDP) of $22 trillion. Non-U.S. markets are valued at about 0.7 times GDP, roughly half of domestic valuations. The relative valuation is therefore 2.1 times (1.5x / 0.7x = 2.1x). It is not unusual for the U.S. to trade at a premium valuation. Historically, foreign stock market valuations were typically 30-50% of U.S. valuations. Still, we find that today’s valuation levels place the United States’ equity market at the upper end of the historical range (chart, below). This premium valuation should reduce the long-run expected return of U.S. stocks relative to foreign somewhat.
Dollar Benefits
Even though U.S. stocks appear relatively expensive, we should remain tactically overweight domestic assets because dollar-denominated assets can convey significant benefits — especially during times of uncertainty.
The United States dollar provides the world with a vast, liquid, dependable market for foreign exchange. Despite protests, the world appears unwilling to give up the dollar. Today, 60% of countries peg their currency to the greenback (versus 30% in 1950). 90% of global financial transactions take place in dollars. 75% of foreigner’s borrowing takes place in U.S. dollars. The dollar is also the currency in which most nations hold reserves.
When fears arise, the dollar is often seen as a “safe harbor” currency. Consider that in 2011, when Standard & Poor’s downgraded U.S. sovereign debt, the dollar rallied by 20% in the months that followed. More recently, when Coronavirus hobbled the global economy, foreigners worried they might not be able to get enough dollars. We see the dollar as the go-to funding currency that will likely be in demand during times of stress.
Some make the case for non-dollar equity holdings on the basis of a presumed diversification benefit. Here, we see much less benefit than in the past. The chart below shows the 60-month rolling correlation between the S&P 500 (domestic stocks) and the MSCI All-Country World Index (global stocks). As you can see, the correlation jumped to nearly 1 in the mid-1990s. This means that the degree of diversification benefit is much less today than it was in the past.
Lastly, the dollar is the currency that most Americans will need for future purchases. Unless planning to live abroad in retirement, most Americans will be making purchases in dollars. Investing in assets denominated in the same currency as the future liabilities simplifies the task of financial planning.
A Relatively Strong Economy
The most important reason we should remain tactically overweight domestic assets is that the United States’ economy appears stronger than many others.
From June 2009 through February, U.S. stocks returned 300% (S&P 500) while global stocks returned 160% (MSCI All-Country World Index). China’s stock market returned a mere 23% in total. In real terms, the U.S. economy expanded 28% versus 17% and 14% for Japan and Europe, respectively (chart, below). The domestic stock market dominated global returns for the last decade. The strong market performance reflects the relative strength of the U.S. economy in our view.
Additionally, the sources of growth in the U.S. appear well balanced. Over time, growth comes from one of two sources — increases in labor or growth in productivity. As the chart below shows, the last decade’s domestic growth came from a balanced mix of productivity and labor growth. Japan and Europe’s labor forces are experiencing stagnating growth. Whatever growth these nations can muster must come from productivity alone. More balanced growth in the United States reduces risks that come from over-dependence on a single growth factor.
Conclusion
Although U.S. stocks appear relatively expensive on the surface, we should remain overweight domestic assets for two main reasons. First, dollar-denominated assets can convey essential benefits. But most importantly, the United States economy appears more robust, durable, and better balanced than many others.
While many thought the U.S. would suffer a lost decade, the past ten-plus years has been anything but “lost.” This fact does not mean that the next year or next decade must be a repeat, but it does remind us always to keep an open mind to possibilities.
The longest expansion on record has officially ended. The months ahead will present a world of new challenges and new opportunities. One of the crucial decisions for investors to make involves the choice of investing at home or abroad. For now, we remain with our long-held tactical tilt in favor of domestic assets over foreign as uncertainties abound regarding the pace of global growth, shifting demographics, and rising debt.
WCA Barometer Update: We update our monthly WCA Fundamental Conditions barometer early each month. The data continues to reflect the impact of Covid-19 and shutdowns. From severely depressed levels, we forecast some pickup ahead (chart, below). We caution that the sudden nature of the onset of the pandemic makes month-to-month trend analysis difficult. To accommodate this, we are also following a set of weekly data and update our readers regularly on virus trends, mobility, and higher-frequency economic data.
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Disclosures:
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