Stock prices are more than numbers on a screen. They tell us what market participants believe. These beliefs are distilled into prices that reveal investors’ changing expectations about the future. The expectations are not those of a CEO or a handful of analysts — they are the aggregate judgment of all the actual buyers and sellers of stocks who set prices each day.

By applying a basic valuation framework^[1] to the five hundred largest U.S. companies, we can tease out what the market assumes about long-run growth in perpetuity. This is not about next quarter or even the next decade. It is about what investors seem to collectively believe will happen — now and forever. The recent run-up in high flying growth and AI stocks suggests this is a good time to revisit where growth expectations and valuations intersect.

Evolving Growth Expectations (2015 vs. 2025)

The above charts show the distribution of growth expectations priced into S&P 500 stocks in 2015 and now. We show that there are far more companies today whose valuations are predicated upon realization of growth rates well beyond the growth that the economy is likely to deliver. In the charts, a red dashed line marks 5 percent and is labeled “GDP Growth.” That marker is not arbitrary. In the past decade, U.S. nominal GDP grew at an average annual rate of roughly 5.4 percent; looking ahead, the Congressional Budget Office projects nominal GDP closer to 4 percent over the coming decade. Against that backdrop, the market’s current pricing is striking. When more growth expectations exceed this level of about 5%, we believe the chances for disappointment grow and losses can be significant. This is why we maintain conservative growth estimates when valuing companies.

A decade ago, the market was conservatively estimating growth. For example, in 2015, the market implied perpetuity growth rate baked into S&P 500 companies’ valuations clustered around a reasonable 3–5 percent (blue bars in the top chart above), with only a minority priced above the economy’s long-run growth (orange bars). Roughly seven in ten firms were priced with growth expectations at or below overall GDP growth. The market’s center of gravity sat near the system’s anchor.

Today the distribution looks very different (bottom chart above). Growth expectations are now much higher on average, and there is a far thicker concentration of companies with growth expectations above the economy’s trend (orange bars). A large share of firms now rests on the assumption that growth will outpace GDP in perpetuity. Looked at by market capitalization (rather than numbers of companies), the tilt is even more pronounced: over 60% of the S&P 500 index value is priced as if superior growth can be sustained forever, with a meaningful slice (about $8 trillion in market value) priced with an implied perpetuity growth assumption above 10%.

The Problem with Perpetuity

Here is the central problem: no company can grow faster than the economy forever. The math simply will not allow it. A firm compounding at 10 percent while the economy grows at 5 percent eventually overtakes the economy itself — an impossibility. Compounding exposes the flaw.

History points the same way. Champions of one era rarely dominate the next. Competition, technology, and regulation erode even the strongest franchises. IBM, Intel, General Electric, General Motors — each at times seemed impervious to the law of large numbers and competition. But each one aged in time and growth slowed. Yet the market periodically assumes a new “fountain of youth” for a new crop of companies, but ascent, challenge, and mean reversion will remain the rule. Over time, growth must converge toward the pace of the economy and system as a whole.

What the Market Is Really Saying

If above-GDP growth “in perpetuity” is impossible, what do today’s prices mean? They reflect optimism and imprecision—the belief that a few special firms can maintain extraordinary advantages for an unusually long time, as if forever. We see this in the evolution of the graph above. The graph also shows that distribution also has a heavy left tail: some companies are priced as if they will shrink indefinitely. This polarization — exuberance for perceived “permanent” winners and resignation about “permanent” losers — is a snapshot of sentiment, not an equilibrium that can endure.

Washington Crossing Advisors’ Approach

To highlight the contrast, we now show two distributions (chart below): the current market-implied growth for the S&P 500 companies and Washington Crossing Advisors’ own internal assumptions used in our intrinsic-value work on high quality dividend growth stocks, which we identify using the WCA High Quality Index. While many companies are being priced with heady growth expectations, we use far more conservative assumptions — generally clustered around 3–5 percent, with very few of our assumptions set above estimated long-run GDP growth (5 percent). The aim here is straightforward: reduce the risk of overpaying for narratives that require impossible things to happen. If market valuations later realign with more realistic expectations, we expect better entry points for quality firms currently priced to perfection or beyond.

Today’s Dilemma

For investors, this environment carries opportunity and danger. The danger is apparent: when expectations are stretched, small disappointments can trigger large drawdowns. We saw this in spades in the 2000-2002 market meltdown. The opportunity lies in the other direction: firms priced for secular decline may prove more resilient, offering value precisely because they have been written off.

Perhaps the broader lesson is patience and humility. Prices can and do embed unreasonable growth assumptions, but over time the economy imposes discipline. This is why economics and markets are inextricably tied. Markets’ expected growth must ultimately reconcile with the broader economy’s ability to deliver that growth. Forgetting this invites delusion — and potentially severe and rapid losses when the stock market’s moorings to fundamentals become untethered. And this is precisely why Washington Crossing Advisors maintains a valuation discipline alongside an emphasis on quality and income growth. Where we can buy quality businesses without assuming the impossible, we believe risk and reward are more sensibly aligned.

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Footnote

^[1] Gordon Growth Model (Enterprise View). The Gordon Growth model values a stream of cash flows assuming a constant growth rate into perpetuity. In our application, we take an enterprise-value perspective: we subtract the cash-flow-to-EV yield from the firm’s weighted average cost of capital (WACC). The difference is the implied long-run (perpetuity) growth rate embedded in today’s price.

Contacts:

Kevin Caron, CFA, Senior Portfolio Manager
Chad Morganlander, Senior Portfolio Manager
Matthew Battipaglia, Portfolio Manager
Steve Lerit, CFA, Head of Portfolio Risk
Suzanne Ashley, Relationship Manager
Eric Needham, Sales Director
Jeff Battipaglia, Sales and Marketing
(973) 549-4168

www.washingtoncrossingadvisors.com